LITERATURE REVIEW of Postoperative Pain and Foot Reflexology

LITERATURE REVIEW of Postoperative Pain and Foot Reflexology Post operative pain: The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (Black, J M, 2005). Post operative pain can be defined as pain resulted from surgical intervention. Pain is generally protective, it warns of tissue damage and prompt treatment, but post operatively it can hold up recovery. Factors that affect post operative pain consist of the previous experience, surgical intervention, intra operative pain management, site and size of incision and extent of surgical trauma (Rahman M, Beattie J, 2005). The basic pain mechanism consists of mainly four processes such as transduction, transmission, perception and modulation (Koeppen B M, Stanton B A 1996). Surgical tissue damage causes release of substances such as bradykinin, arachidonic acid, histamine, 5-hydroxytriptamine, substance P and prostaglandins. These chemicals stimulate peripheral pain receptors which transmit the pain impulses. This pain impulse is transmitted to spinal cord through neuronal fibers. From there sensory information is carried through the spinothalamic tract and spinonueclear tract to the thalamus and the reticular activating system. Neurons from the thalamus project to cerebral cortex for the conscious perception of pain. (Krik.R.M, W.T. Ribbans, 2004).When pain stimulus reaches the brain stem and thalamus naturally it stimulate the release of endorphins and enkephalins,which may inhibit pain transmission at spinal cord(Rahman M, Beattie J, 2005). Foot reflexology: Reflexology is a bodywork modality in the field of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Reflexology is the act of applying pressure on specific areas of hands and feet that correspond to particular organs and glands of the body using specific thumb, finger and hand techniques. Reflexology therapies are classified in to three types: ear reflexology, hand reflexology and foot reflexology. The basic concept of foot reflexology promotes homeostasis. Foot reflexology improves blood circulation, lymphatic circulation and also motivates relaxation; good sleep and wound healing (Julia Layton, 2002). History of foot reflexology: The treatment of feet was well known in China, Korea and other eastern countries. It was believed to be originated 5000 years back. This is supported by an Egyptian Tomb Drawing. This drawing shows four people, one person being treated with foot reflexology and another with hand reflexology. William Fitzgerald, an American ENT specialist reintroduced foot reflexology to the modern era. She did several works on reflexology. Later on Eunice Ingham, a physical therapist popularized this therapy through her books the stories the feet can tell and stories the feet have told (Marquardth, Hanne, 1999). Theories of foot reflexology: The core theories of foot reflexology derived from zone theory and meridian theory. The effects of foot reflexology are also explained by energy theory, lactic acid theory, theory of proprioceptive nervous receptors and psychological theory. Melzack and Walls, gate control theory and endogenous theory also explains about the effects of reflexology in reducing pain (Stephenson N L, Weinrich S P and Tavakoli A S, 2000). Zone theory: Fitzgerald, according to the effects of treatment he observed, divided the body in to 10 zones. The longitudinal body zones appear as equally large vertical fields leading from medial to lateral zones. The organs, tissue and systems through which a longitudinal zone passes in the body are represented in the same zone on the feet on reduced scale. Application of pressure on any reflex point in hand or feet would have a corresponding effect on different organs lying within that zones .These longitudinal zones are considered as energy path ways , thus pressure applied on feet have a corresponding effect on organs and systems of that path way. The concept of this theory assumed human beings were alive with a life force and this life force flow through energy pathways (Marquardth, Hanne, 1999). Meridian theory: This theory was modified from zone theory by Ingham. Ingham mapped the foot areas showing the relationship between energy pathways and reflex points corresponding to visceral organs from her experience. For example the pressure applied to the part of left foot has effect on corresponding visceral organs and glands on the left side (Marquardth, Hanne, 1999). Energy theory: Energy theory proposes that body parts communicate through an electromagnetic field and sometimes the energy pathway become blocked. Foot reflexology promoted good circulation of energy without any block and thus augment the state of body balance and organ function (Mary Cade, 2002). Lactic acid theory: Any stress releases the lactic acid and this deposit in an energy pathway as microcrystals and obstructs the free flow of energy. Foot reflexology mashes the crystals and allows for the free flow of energy (Mary Cade, 2002). The gate control theory: Melzack and Wall explained mechanism of pain and gate control theory of pain. The gate control theory explained that the transmission cells (T calls) are controlled by a spinal gating mechanism situated in the dorsal horn. This spinal gating mechanism influenced by the activity of large and small diameter nerve fibers. Stimulation of large fibers activates the inhibition of neuronal transmission and stimulation of small fibers results in transmission of pain impulses. Foot reflexology helps in inhibition neuronal transmission by stimulating large fibers (Nancy,L.N et al. 2007). Innoculous stimuli, such as rubbing a hurt area, can block or reduce pain sensation. Such stimulation activates the large diameter fibers and their activity leads to release of GABA and other neurotransmitters. GABA acts by both pre synaptic and post synaptic mechanism to shut down the activity of spinothalamic tract cells (Koeppen B.M, Stanton B. A, 1996). Foot reflexology also reduces stress and fear by providing a warm feeling, security and trust and this helps in transporting direct impulses to brain and inhibit pain impulses by closing the gates at spinal cord. Endogenous pain control theory: Foot reflexology helps in transmission of neuronal impulse to stimulate pituitary gland of hypothalamus to release endorphins (Xavier Regina, 2007). Endorphins are endogenous opiate neuropeptide produced by the body and activate the opiate receptors and consequently have a significant analgesic action. The action of endogenous opiate neuropeptide was believed to work at CNS by inhibiting release of substance P and stopping the nociceptors by paring with suitable opiate receptors (Hawthorn Jan, Kathy Redmond, 1998). Foot reflexology in pain reduction: A study was at Division of Science and Design, University of Canberra, Australia on the use of foot massage as a nursing intervention in patients admitted with cancer. 87 patients were participated in the study and each one received a 5-minute reflexology foot massage per foot. The study reported that the reflexology has a significant and immediate effect on the pain, nausea, and relaxation, when it was measured with a visual analog scale. (Grealish L, 2000). Nationwide research study undertaken in Denmark reported that, reflexology treatment has a positive effect on patients suffering from migraine and tension headaches. The study was done at the Department of Social Pharmacy, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy with the help of five reflexology associations. 220 patients were participated in the study. Reflexology was performed by 78 fully trained reflexologist. Among the patients who took part in the study, ninety percent reported that they had already started to take the prescribed medication one month before the study and, out of them, 36 percent had experienced ill effects from the medicines. Eighty one percent of the prescribed medicine in the acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol group was taken at least twice a week and 72% of the stronger medicines were taken at least once a fortnight which point out that the greater part of the patients were suffering from moderate to severe symptoms. After three months of reflexology treatments , eighty one percent of patients confirmed that reflexology helped them in reducing their symptoms. Nineteen percent of the patients re-ported that they had been able to completely stop the medications they had been taking before the study (Carlson Selvia, 2006). A study was conducted at the Hospital of Beijing College of Languages to assess the effect of reflexology treatment on acute lower back pain. Twenty patients between the ages of 35 and 55, suffering from lower back strain was participated in the study. Ten reflexology therapies were delivered to each patient. All patients reported that the treatment had effectively reduced their pain. 5 of them obtained complete relief after one treatment, 10 patients obtained relief after 3 to 4 treatments and 5 patients got complete relief only after 5 to 7 treatments. No analgesics or other medications were used all over the course of treatments (Xiao Zhenge, 2002). A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of foot reflexology on pain and anxiety in patients admitted with breast and lung cancer. It was a quasi-experimental, cross over study done at medical and oncology units of a 314-bed hospital in the South-Eastern United States. Twenty-three in-patients with breast or lung cancer were taken for the study. The bulk of the samples were receiving regularly scheduled opioids and adjuvant medications. Procedures included a foot reflexology to both feet for 30 minutes during intervention condition and with at least a two-day break during control condition for each patient. No changes were made in patients usual schedule or medications. Following the foot reflexology intervention, patients with breast and lung cancer experienced a significant reduction in anxiety and pain (Stephenson N L, Weinrich S P, Tavakoli A S, 2000). A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of foot reflexology as a pain killer in China (1998). Reflexology was done to 60 individuals between ages 1 to 73 to reduce the pain resulted from toothache, headache, sore throat, stiff neck, shoulder pain,old wound, breast pain, chest rib pain, dysmenorrhoea, abdominal pain , wrist and leg pain and joint pain in limbs. Reflexology sessions lasted for 20 minutes to 40 minutes. Following one session 18 of the 60 were healed. 11 were nurse back to health following 2 or 3 sessions, 22 were effectively treated after 2 or 3 sessions. Reflexology was not effective for 9 cases after 1 to 3 sessions (Jin Hui, 1998). Foot reflexology in post operative pain reduction: A study was conducted at AIIMS, New Delhi (2002-2004) to find out the efficiency of reflexology in postoperative pain management. Sixty patients were divided randomly into Reflexology group (foot reflexology and required quantity of standard drugs) and Control group (standard quantity of standard drugs alone).Standard drugs included are NSAID (Diclofenac) and Opioids (Pethidine and Fentanyl).Pain score was measured by using a visual analog scale of 0 10. Pain was measured at the time scale of 0, 2, 6, 24 hours. 0 hours is the time which patient was shifted to recovery room. The results showed a considerable decrease in pain scores and decrease in the requirement and quantity of drugs among reflexology group compared to control group (Shewtha Choudary et al., 2006). A study was carried out to examine the effect of foot reflexology on sternotomy pain of patients undergone CABG at Iran University of Medical Sciences (2007). This was a quasi-experimental study, 90 patients were randomly divided into three groups of case, control and placebo. The reflexology group received a 10-minute right foot massage in desired location, two times a day with 6 hours interval for 2 successive days. The placebo group received a 10-minute left foot massage and the control group received no intervention. Pain was assessed using visual analogue scale. Outcome showed that the mean of pain intensity before and after intervention in three groups had a significant difference. In the case group average pain intensity before the intervention was 6.4(Â ±2.1) and after the intervention was 3.4(Â ±5.1). In control group the mean of pain intensity before and after intervention was respectively 5.1(Â ±1.7) and 5(Â ±1.9). Independent t-test showed a significant reduction in i ntensity of postoperative pain between case and control groups (Bozorgzad, 2007). A study was conducted to look into the efficacy of foot reflex therapy as adjuvant treatment modality in reducing pain and anxiety in postsurgical patients with gastric and hepatocellular cancer at Taiwan (2005). It was a randomized controlled trial. Sixty-one patients who had undergone surgery for gastric or hepatocellular carcinoma were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 31) group. Patients in the experimental group received 20 minutes of foot reflexotherapy in addition to the usual pain management during 2nd, 3rd and 4th postoperative days. Patients in the control group got usual pain management only. Outcome was measured using short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, VAS, summary of the pain medications taken, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Intervention group reported less pain and anxiety over time when compared with the control group. The study also revealed that the patients in the experimental group received significantly less pain medicat ions than the control group.(Tsay, Shiow-Luan et al., 2008). A study was conducted to compare effects of symptom management with reflexology on pain and frequency of pain medication taken in old age patient with prostatectomy at Suratthanee Hospital, Thailand (2005). Quasi-experimental, pretest -post test design was used with a control groups. 40 elderly patients were selected and allocated to experimental and control groups. The instrument used for the study consisted of four sessions; Symptom experienced assessment, Knowledge providing, Reflexology and evaluation phases. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and t-test. The study reported that the posttest mean score on pain of an experimental group was significantly lower than of the pretest. The posttest mean score of pain of an experimental group was significantly lower than of a control group. The posttest mean score of frequency pain medication taking of an experimental group was significantly lower than of a control group (Tanyakhanok Pongpiyapibon, 2005). A study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of foot reflexology on pain level, vital signs and satisfaction in patients with abdominal surgery by a post graduate student of Mahidol University, Taiwan (2003). It was a quasi experimental research with simple cross over design. Thirty patients were randomly selected to control group and experimental group. Control group received 30 minutes of supportive education and experimental group received 30 minutes of foot reflexology. Pain assessment and vital signs were recorded pre, immediately after therapy and at 15 minutes and 45 minutes interval. The results showed that patient received foot reflexology had marked reduction in pain compared to those received supportive education. It also reported a marked effect in vital signs (Sarunya, 2003).

Ethics of Designer Babies Essay

I believe that it is unacceptable to reproduce genetically designed babies, unless it is to prevent disease or disability. Genetically designing babies can be used in many different ways. You can choose their hair and eye color, their IQ, and their special talents. People are beginning to predispose their children to be whatever they think they should be. Some want their children to be superstar athletes, while others want the next Beethoven. Others want their children to be just as they are. A deaf lesbian couple wanted to have a deaf child. Their friend donated the sperm and they asked the geneticists if it were possible to create a deaf child. A few months later, the child was born as a fully deaf baby. I believe that it is wrong to intentionally harm a fetus by giving them a disability or disease. It prevents them from living a fully functional life. If a couple were to research or visit a gene therapist, and they determined if the couple were to have a male child, the child would most definitely be born with a heart defect and would only live a few years, but if they had a female child that she would be perfectly healthy, then it is okay to provide the family security by enabling them to have a female child. By doing this, they are preventing a disability or disease. If the couple has four boys and intentionally says â€Å" If I am having a male, I want an abortion. † then that is completely immoral. In one book, Choosing Children, It asks the question: â€Å"People use antenatal or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis to have a child without disability. Is this a form of eugenics? Is it a part of a slide toward what the Nazi’s did? † . I believe that it is a form of eugenics. We are bettering the society by providing fully functional human beings. Nazi’s weren’t trying to prevent a disease or disability, they were worried about the physical features of the Jewish descent. Another book, Disability and Genetic Choice, asked if it were okay to have a Down Syndrome test. I believe that it is okay to have the testing as long as it is not the determining factor in terminating a pregnancy. This gives the parent(s) a chance to prepare themselves and be educated or give them a chance to arrange an adoption. I draw the line of designing babies at preventing disability. It is unnecessary to chose a babies hair or eye color. Just because they have a certain hair or eye color does not mean that they will be treated or act differently in society. Every genetic change has a downside, so while creating a child that is an athlete by making their uscles work harder, it is causing their heart to weaken a lot faster than someone who was not â€Å"designed†. Genetically â€Å"strengthening† babies can provide a family with a piece of mind that they will have a healthy child. Although many people want to chose how their children may look or act, having a healthy, functioning, strong child will triumph over how they may look or act. Before one thought that he could genetically design a child, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) came about. IVF then paved the way for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic selection (PGS). PGD is the process in which the doctors screen the embryos to see if any genetic disorders are present. Many of the disorders that are screened are life changing, disabling conditions. PGS is the process in which they â€Å"hand pick† the embryo without any genetic disorders and implant it back into the mother. This is the first red flag many people see in how genetically designed babies came about. This may be the only (mostly) uncontroversial part of genetics and IVF. The only ones who criticize this are those who believe that life starts at contraception. I believe that this is okay to do since it promotes bettering ones life, but this is where the line should be drawn. Another technique that is often used along with this is gender selection. The only reason I believe that it is morally correct to choose a baby’s gender is preventing disease. For example, if all the women in the family die from breast cancer, or cervical cancer by the age of 40, then it is morally acceptable to want to increase the chances of having a male child. If the only reason one wants to have a certain gendered child is for convenience then it is unacceptable. Also along these lines comes having a child to better another child’s life. Like in the book, My Sisters Keeper, the older sister was dying from a rare cancer, and the parents only choice to keep her alive was to have another child to use as â€Å"spare parts†. I believe that this is done with good intention, but it is not ethical. An article, Designer Babies: Eugenics Repackaged or Consumer Options, discusses one child being sick and his brother gave him his red blood cells before he was even born, and the sick brother was cured. They questioned this process: â€Å"Is this the beginning of a slippery slope toward â€Å"designer† or â€Å"spare parts† babies, or is the result that there are now two happy, healthy children instead of one very sick child a justification to pursue and continue procedures such as this one? †. This is the exact question I would expect anyone to ask. Although there are miracles, and high percentage rates that if a child would receive particular â€Å"parts† from a sibling then they can be cured, but there are mistakes and the unfortunate occasions where it does not work. This puts the healthy child at risk and causes them to go through unnecessary pain. I believe that the risks may outweigh the benefits in many cases. The child conceived or â€Å"designed† to better the other child’s life is just as much human as the sick `child, therefore, it is their human right that they shall be treated just as any other human being. The other ethical position would likely believe that it is the parents choice to do as they please, in means, to their children. The article The art of medicine: Designer Babies: choosing our children’s genes, discusses the absurdity of the parents to not want the best for their children. This is shown in the following statement from the article: â€Å" †¦. That is exactly what parents are supposed to do. To get our children to be healthy, well mannered, intellectually curious, and well behaved, we control what they eat, have them vaccinated, teach them manners, read to them, and discipline them when they misbehave. It would be absurd for a parent to say, â€Å"I never attempt to influence my children’s development. I just love them for who they are. † Thus, it is not influencing our children’s traits that is objectionable, but rather the means to accomplish this, that is, choosing their genes. † . This statement is true, in fact, its absolutely correct for one to think in this manner. But it is the lengths that parents go to ensure that their child will be perfect that is unethical. Although parents should shape their child’s live to be well behaved, healthy, and curious, it is up to the children to decide who they would like to be, and not be predisposed to be something in particular. The topic is so controversial, the same article that believes it is ethical to genetically design babies, The art of medicine: Designer Babies: choosing our children’s genes stated that: â€Å"A more serious objection stems from the idea that people who want to choose, in advance, the traits their child will have, and are willing to spend so much money to get a child with certain traits, demonstrate a kind of desire for perfectionism that seems incompatible with being a good parent. An insistence on having a child of a certain sort, whether a musician or an athlete or a politician, amounts to parental tyranny. †. This is also true, the idea that a parent would spend significant amounts of money to sustain perfection is ridiculous. Parents have the right to want their children to be almost â€Å"perfect† but it is their job to teach them the right way to live. By spending all of their money to ensure perfection, they are almost cheating at being a parent. Another objection to â€Å"designer babies† would be genetically designing perfect children can create a social gap in society. The art of medicine: Designer Babies: choosing our children’s genes stated that: â€Å"†¦this would exacerbate social differences and the gap between rich and poor. I seriously doubt that genetic interventions would have more of an influence than existing causes of inequality, such as rotten neighborhoods and lousy schools. In any event, prebirth genetic enhancement could be used to combat social inequality, by giving children from disadvantaged backgrounds a leg up. †. How would you tell a child the reason they aren’t as smart or as attractive as some of the other children is that they don’t have special enough blood or genes? There is already enough separation in our society. Not only rich and poor, but jocks, musicians, geeks, race, sexuality and many other groups also exist in schools. How would one like to hear of one of the new cliches in school, the â€Å"enhanced children†? I can’t imagine how it would feel to be one of the children whose parents couldn’t afford to have them â€Å"custom made†. Eventually weak and poor individuals would be terminated using this new technology. Weak children would all eventually be used as spare parts to the sick children that have been genetically designed. Parents would have children just to benefit an already existing child, and once the child was cured, the spare parts child would not have any use. Parenting would also be a thing of the past. Parents wouldn’t have to worry about teaching their children the correct ways to function in society, their children would already be predisposed to be perfect and act the correct ways. Instead of moving forward in society and technology, technically we are reverting back to the days of Hitler. Hitler terminated all the individuals that he believed were lesser human beings. The act of Hitler terminating Jewish descent individuals and the act of genetically designing babies is all in the search for perfection -the perfect human being.

A Combination of Liberal Arts and Christianity Essay

Two ways of thought and life are combined to make one learning environment. Liberal arts and Christianity seem like two separate concepts to most, but together they create a harmonious setting for an individual to grow in a multitude of ways. A Liberal Arts College creates a life long thinker that becomes adaptable to society using their knowledge to make decisions. In Holmes pg 35 he says, â€Å" Liberal education is an open invitation to join the human race and become more fully human. Its goals are to read and write and thereby think independently, and appreciation of lasting values coupled with the ability to make sound value judgements and live by them, a critical appreciation of the past and responsible creative participation in the future.† We are educated from kindergarden to 12th grade to learn the fundamentals of all subjects with hopes to impact the society as an educated citizen. This hope is continued if we choose to further our education in college with a specifi c emphasis on a major. Like many students with a major, Christians are faithful students that use the Bible to guide their daily lives, but to the rest of the world they can be viewed as sheltered and limited to their beliefs. This causes a hindering on effectiveness that Christian have in the community and a misunderstanding of the validity of their thoughts. in Holmes pg 6 he supports this thought by saying,† Unless we understand the thought and value-patterns of our day, as well as those of biblical revelation and the Christian community, and unless we speak fluently the language of our contemporaries, we tragically limit our effectiveness.â€Å" With a Christian College education is heightened by integrating literarary works, theories, and concepts to Christian commitment, moral, and faith making a collaboration of endless possibilities. This creates a well rounded opportunity for students to learn at a college with the strengths of both liberal arts and Christianity called a Christian College. We are not limited to any one way of thinking. As people we want to explore and question the how, what, where, and why’s of the world. The Christian College does not limit the ability of self perception or thought, but encourages the process. Using liberal arts to educate the Christian learner and further their insight in the world is a primary purpose of a Christian College. As stated in Holmes pg 8 â€Å"†¦integration of faith and learning remains the distinctive task of the Christion liberal arts college.† The worldview of Christianity should not be  limited to ones home, but incooperated throughout a persons education to further equipt them for a future that will continue to challenge and question their abilities. In support of this thought, On page 36 Holmes writes on the ever lasting benefits of education,† If the person, including what she becomes in this life, has an eternal destiny, then what I become in the process of education lives on forever†¦ Christian liberal arts education has an eternity in view.† For most, being a student is only a fragment of a lifetime. That is why the importance of receiving a well rounded education that a Christian College has to offer is essential to establish a foundation of education to apply to the remaining years of our lives. Learning with a purpose to become a reflective being, and value being, and a responsible agent will prepare an individual to step into the world and make educated, reasonable, and moral decisions. A reflective beings have a passion to learn, ask, and wonder which leads us to analyze and come up with our own thoughts of possibilities. Reflectiveness sometimes leads us to have a birds eye view of a thought as a whole as opposed to thinking in a narrow, closed minded way. Causing us to become more critical thinkers and nurture our natural inquisitions. Holmes states, â€Å" â€Å"To teach a person to read and write is to teach him to think for himself, to develop more fully the possession of his God-given powers. He becomes in fact, not just in possibility, a reflective, thinking being.† Next, as value being takes a worldview of everything important to them and acts on those thoughts and feelings for direction. In a Chirstian College we see those values as what God has created in the the reflection of Him, us. Actions we take have effects and the choices of those actions can not be learned by reading a book, but the foundations of values can guide a person towards a better outcome. Last, there is the need to be a responsible agent. As Christians we are accountable for our actions and are governed by our Lord Jesus Christ. Decisions of right and wrong are presented daily, but as a Christian going to a Christian College we are taught the principles of reasoning through education and guided with the righteous path God has called us to live. The world is filled with possibilities and opportunity, but it is the people we become with the help of a Christian College, that steers us on the road to a life of reflection, value, and responsibility. A Christian College provides a basis in creating a holistic person by incooperating faith with a liberal  arts education. To see life as one picture rather than a million tiny pieces in a puzzle can create a smoother transition from college to the real world. Often students face the delema of just figuring it out. There is no how to manual or direction guide of life. As Christians we look to the bible for answers and get the general idea of what should be done with digging into our faith, but the is an element of critical thinking that must be applied. That kind of thinking is learned though a Christian College. â€Å" If a person, including what she becomes in life, has an eternal destiny, then what I become in the process of education lives forever†¦Christian liberal arts education has an eternity in view.†(Holmes 36) No one person or book can teach us the do and don’ts in life, but a well round education can prepare us for a life of constant decisions and obst acle to overcome.

The Impact Of Globalization On The Corporate World

Introduction and summary of articles The current economic environment in the corporate world characterized by competition is making many organizations try their best to outweigh their rivals. The main causes of the heightened competition is the globalization. The globalization has eased the transfer and movement of goods from every corner of the world to the other hence competing in the domestic market. Many companies and nations have responded to increasing pressure from competition using different strategies. Similarly, the effects of competition are not only felt by the competing industries but nations too. Globalization has led to the opening of borders to facilitate trade, hence those countries or companies that are equipped manage to realize the benefits compared to others. Some of the strategies that nations have adopted to neutralize the competition arising from globalization and free movement of goods include creating barriers to entry, strategic entry deterrence and mergers, and acquisition. The rest of the paper will outline how the three factors influence industrial organizations and as well as their impacts. This will be done by discussing three newspaper articles on the same subject. In an article by Gelles (March 12, 2015) that appeared in the New York Times titled, Uncertainty weighs on Endo’s higher bid for Salix Pharmaceuticals â€Å"confirms the competitiveness of acquisition. The article talks about the competition existing between Endo International andShow MoreRelatedThe Combined Effects of the Internet and Globalization751 Words   |  3 Pages1. The impact of globalization and the internet presents real challenges for corporate strategic planners across the world. What is the impact of globalization and the internet on the corporate world? Explain the important role of strategic planning in todays competitive business world in light of these two forces? The combined effects of the Internet and globalization have made the challenges of implementing strategic plans and initiatives even more challenging and difficult. The long-standingRead MoreReflect of Globalization on International Business1485 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization refers to the increasing unification of the worlds economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportationRead MoreGlobalization And Competitiveness : The Impact On Future University Of Alberta Bcom Graduates Essay982 Words   |  4 Pages Globalization and Competitiveness: The Impact on Future University of Alberta Bcom Graduates Nickia Kwan 1468914 University of Alberta Globalization and Competitiveness: The Impact on Future University of Alberta Bcom Graduates Globalization continues to impact how countries connect with each other. This impact can clearly be seen in changing social, technological and economic spheres. As globalization continues to expand its influence, it results in greater international competitionRead MoreThe Primary Doctrine Of Corporate Personhood1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe primary doctrine of corporate personhood was introduced in 1886 in the case of Santa Clara v. Southern Pacific Railroad. This case, brought to the Supreme Court, involved the challenging of a California railroad tax, contingent on an insistence of the Fourteenth Amendment and the equal rights protection it includes. Corporate personhood applies to the ability of organizations to be distinguished, by law, as an individual which includes the particular protections, abilities and rights that allRead MoreThe Impact Of Service Economy On The Hotel And Hospitality Industry992 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States has becoming a corporate nation and its economy is primarily based on the service sector. The corporate greed for more profit is crumbling world’s economy. The reason this sector has implications for work in this country is because of constant increasing in the hotel and hospitality industry. The most important reason of growing these sectors are women that they choose to work outside their household. Negative and Positive Aspects of Service Economy A service economy refers to a financialRead MoreDisadvantages Of Globalization794 Words   |  4 Pagessold in USA. Globalization is the way recourses, businesses are expanding globally. Globalization started to become real popular after World War 2, when small and large businesses started to grow and expand. Globalization, the word in the modern economy that can explain why companies expand globally and using foreign manufactures resources to make goods and services that will be sold domestically and what are the advantages and disadvantages of it. According to the Amartya Sen, a world known economistRead MoreGlobalization and Poverty1498 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization and Poverty Introduction In this essay, I am going to investigate the globalization and poverty in the world. Meanwhile, its impact on global marketing activities will also be addressed. It is an interesting topic to study, as you will know the reason behind by the following quotes: ‘Over the past 20 years, the number of people living on less than $1 a day has fallen by 200 million, after rising steadily for 200 years’ (James Wolfenson, president of World BankRead MoreWhat Can Raise Awareness Of Sustainable Consumption Of Textiles For College Students1637 Words   |  7 Pagespeers and how the globalization of the awareness can change the fashion industry as a whole. Background: Early endorsers of Sustainability deemed that increased globalization and association of the world’s finances would automatically raise the economics’ well-being of all people in the world. An abundance of adopters began to have second thoughts after seeing the disarray caused by free trade agreements, outsourcing of production and pollution to emerging markets, poor corporate responsibility andRead MorePuma Corporation s Integrative Managerial Issues Regarding Social Responsibility Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesPuma Corporation’s Integrative Managerial Issues Regarding Social Responsibility During the 1960’s, the definition of corporate social responsibility expanded as social activists began to question the typical â€Å"economic obligations† mentality, which focused on the singular economic objective of business. Nowadays, society expects much more out of businesses and corporations. Business firms are expected to go beyond their legal and economic obligations and act in ways that are beneficial to societyRead MoreStakeholders, Categories Responsibilities of Organizations1723 Words   |  7 Pagescorporation’s common stockholders, its board of directors, and its chief executive officer (CEO). The CEO is responsible for day to day operations and identifies and manages corporate risk., the board of directors oversees the management ( where CEO is related to), they also have particular functions, such as audit, compensation, corporate governance. The main responsibility of the board of directors is to decide in the interest of shareholders. Shareholders are people who voluntarily invest by buying stock

Dealing with Social Ostracism in ‘The Doll’s House by...

Anyone who lived through high school gym class knows the desperation of being picked last for the sports team. The same hurt feelings bubble up when you are excluded from lunch with co-workers, fail to land the job interviewed for or are dumped by a romantic partner. Within a society, social classes are unavoidable. In the short story ‘The Doll’s House’, the author, Katherine Mansfield examines the difficulties dealing with class-consciousness and social ostracism in this society, also the influence on Isabel by Aunt Beryl. Mansfield uses various language techniques to intensify the message, class prejudice corrupts innocence and egalitarian attitude. Social groups have long been a part of human history. Categorizing people into us†¦show more content†¦Isabel speaks of the lamp indicates that she does not find it out of the ordinary; Yellow is a primary colour which represents the shallow of human dynamic of Isabel. She forms an opinion on someone based purely on what she sees on the surface and aware of social consciousness. Isabel has a feeling, that by social ranking, she is superior. Her purity and egalitarian attitude are corrupted as concept of class prejudice enters her life. Mansfield also uses metaphor and dialogue To intensify the message.... In the story, the way in which the Burnell girls are treated as school celebrities because of the dollhouse. The girls at the playground put their hands around Burnell Children, talk to Burnell children, and ask for turns to see the dollhouse. This shows the dollhouse as a symbol of class separation and the girls are fitted to penetrate the superior world created by social class, which intensifies the innocence of the girls are corrupted. The metaphor uses in the story, ‘Playtime came and Isabel was surrounded. The girls of her class nearly fought to put their arms round her, to walk away with her, to beam flatteringly, to be her special friend. She held quite a court under the huge pine trees at the side of the playground. Nudging, giggling together, the little girls pressed up close.’- held court implies that Isabel is comparing to some kind of Queen surrounded by her ladies-in-waiting. The doll’s house has given her power and the sudden popularity that Isabel gains

Biometric Essay example - 1164 Words

Title (2) Biometric scanning system types and which one is more effectiveness in a workplace Biometric recognition, or biometrics, refers to the automatic authentication of a person based on his or her physiological or behavioural characteristics (Jain, Bolle, and Pankanti 1999a; Maltoni, Maio, Jain, and Prabhakar 2003). One of the most important technologies which acts as a human being identify required purpose. Nowadays there were great progresses in technology of access for companies which it using human being body to identify the identity of the person. In the past Human beings used fingerprint to identity for signature. Biometric technology looks like a revolution for modern society for example, Iris and AFIS (Automatic Finger†¦show more content†¦Iris is a biometric tool which is unique and complex device, the device provides with a camera look for the eyes of the person ,when it found the eyes the camera will take high quality image for the iris of the eyes. iris has disadvantage that is difficult to read and scan black eyes. But this problem can be solved easily by providing the iris with high quality of light source. Iris has the feature of high reliability and function than fingerprint for controlling process of access to a secured workplace Shoniregun and Stephen (2008) argues that the rate of correct of iris recognition is relative high compare with other solutions of biometrics. Lastly, it is a quickly biometric security scanning system. Therefore iris recognition scanning system is the best way to secure a workplace in terms of stability, fast and convenience and reliability to protect any workplace from criminal issues or breach. Public acceptance In the past people heard about Fingerprint scanning system and used to be shown only in films without applying this feature in real life while recently it has been existed in many companies and Government departments. For example there was a survey about the extant acceptance community for this device in U.S when a book store made the accessing of the store with fingerprint, 24 customers did the operation of fingerprint. The result was different opinion about the biometric scanning system butShow MoreRelatedBiometrics : Biometrics And Biometrics1539 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Biometrics is a method of identifying an individual based on characteristics that they possess, typically physiological features such as a fingerprint, hand, iris, retina, face, voice, and even DNA. Some methods of biometrics security even use multiple physiological features or multimodal biometrics to provide superior security than a single form of biometrics can provide. Why are biometrics important in the field of information security? Biometrics provide a remarkable amount ofRead MoreBiometrics665 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Biometric attendance in the workplace is a threat to privacy†. How far do you agree? (30 marks) Ref - http://www.biometrics.org/html/introduction.html Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retinal, vein, and voice. Biometric technologies are becoming the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personalRead MoreBiometric Codes And Biometric Identification1637 Words   |  7 Pages Biometric Encryption Krishna Kumar D1304(11302033) Rajesh Kumar Thakur Meena Kumari Chandan Pathania Lovely Professional University, Punjab Introduction: A biometric is defined as a unique, measurable, biological characteristic or trait which is used to identify individuals. Most widely used biometric characteristics to identify individuals include Face, Fingerprint, Hand geometry, Retina, Iris, Voice etc. Biometric identification consists of two stages: †¢ Enrollment:Read MoreBiometric And Identification Of Biometric Identification1752 Words   |  8 PagesBiometric methodologies emerged into existence in 1858 by use of recording hand images for identification purposes. From 1858 to 1896 studies progressed in the identification of individuals by hand geometry, a person’s measurements, and fingerprints. From the year 1936 to 1985 biometric studies proceeded for iris pattern, face recognition, acoustic speech, written signature, and hand identification. Patents for hand and iris identification became a reality 1985 to 1986 and in 1988 the first semi-automatedRead MoreThe Use of Biometrics1486 Words   |  6 PagesThere have been use of Biometrics which can be traced as far back to 500 BC, but where does its future lay in the 21st century and beyond? Exactly what is Biometrics and its proposed applications; will it truly be as useful or will it be a hindrance? Currently, which nations along with the international corpora tions are in the market for such a medium and who are the pioneers, trying to advance Biometrics; into something more streamlined? Will Biometrics truly have as much of an impact on the digitalRead MoreBiometrics Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesBiometrics is used in many places and there is a bright future for them. Coca Cola has recently replaced time card system with hand scanning machines. Finger print scanners are being used in many states of the US. They have been used to trace social welfare fraud. An iris pattern identification system is being used in Cook County, Illinois to ensure that right people are released from jail. ATM machines have been installed with finger scanners to prevent theft and fraud in Indiana (Jain, 2005). Read MoreBiometrics Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesBiometrics Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future. By definition, â€Å"biometrics† (Woodward, Orlans, and HigginsRead MoreBiometrics and Ethics Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pageswould become more difficult to conceptualize and do not lend themselves to the development of a static set of rules (Moor, 1985). I have taken up the research topic Biometrics and Ethics and would like to analyze how Biometric has become part of our everyday life and with it what are the ethical challenges human race faces. Biometrics is the statistical measure of biological beings; it is a system which is used in identifying a person by verifying a physical characteristic or attribute. The reasonRead More Biometric Payment Essays916 Words   |  4 Pageshad to carry around a piece of plastic or a piece of paper to buy something?† Right now about 500 stores are offering biometric payment and are projected to triple in 2006. The Jetson Age Identity theft has become a major concern for consumers these days and companies are trying to figure out a way to help their customers protect themselves against it. For some time, biometric authentication seemed to be a technology in search of a quality application. Now these two problems are coming togetherRead MoreBiometrics Security Technology : Biometric Authentication System897 Words   |  4 PagesBiometrics security technology provides automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. There was a rapid growth in the authentication system due to the use of e-commerce applications and change in information technology which fulfils daily life’s requirement by giving reliable and personal authentication system for effective security control. The current features of biometric authentication are face recognition, signature, vein, retinal scan, hand

The Pitfall for RAG Based Reports Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss the challenges and pitfalls of traffic light reports and Explain the difference between the status reports provided for teams, sponsor, and steering committee. How is status reporting different between traditional and Agile project management approaches? Answer: Project Execution and Control Project template strengths Weaknesses Recommendations The construction of new plant at Coca Cola. The project team was working harmoniously to ensure the project objectives are met. The project was under budget and the project scope was well understood. In this project, the project manager did not explicitly specify the role of various project members this brought about communication issues. It was difficult to solve problems at the grass root. The scope of the project was achieved but is was ahead of schedule. The project manager is required to select the team leaders and ensure the team leader understands the scope of the project well. The inability to solve the problems at grass-root level would have been achieved if there was a specified person with the role of leading others. The construction of standard gauge railway The project was on schedule, and on budget. All the stakeholders coordinated to ensure the project has been implemented. The use of traditional project status report. In the traditional status report, the reports seem to be too wordy containing a reasonably a lot of information that hinders understanding. So, to some extent, this is a common problem especially for those people who like precise information which is accurate and clear. Using a burn-down chart is the most appropriate criterion when dealing with large volumes of information. The burn-down can help the project manager to forecast of the future possibilities of the project by applying the past performance of the project team. The burn-down chart gives a clear indication of the status of the project hence it is easy to predict the completion dates of a particular project (Wysocki, 2012). More specifically, when the team is aware of the scope of the project, the status is seen at a glance. This is important to those stakeholders who don1t have time to check unto the detailed report about the situation of the project by getting valuable information at a glance. In other cases, if the project is lagging behind or facing some issues there are explanations which are provided for the problem. GREEN, AMBER or RED are common phrases that are used by project managers to define the stage of the project. Just like in road, these colors have gained fame in project management. The colors are used to denote the state of the project while communicating the status of the project to the relevant authority. This kind of reporting is well known as RAG status reporting that is very useful to the project stakeholders to depict the quick status of the project. Thus, the project manager will be in a position to identify the loopholes or the performing aspects of the project or the variables that need adjustment. Of course, the pitfall for RAG based reports is that the reports are more subjective and in some instances, the colors might be misunderstood based on an individual`s interpretation without putting into consideration the underlying facts of data than the traditional reporting. Consequently, RAG based report might fail to communicate the exact progress of the project. For example, a project manager dealing with many projects with so many complicated project teams, the project manager may be prompted to record the project status as GREEN. The status might not be true based on the information provided lacking empirical facts, but the manager is prompted to report the status without putting considering the studying the impact of each project at the site. To ensure RAG reporting is efficient in communication the project status, each of the colors is supposed to be tied with particular success and failure criteria with substantive facts. Also, the project managers and other stakeholders are required to have a glimpse of the standards and parameters that define each color to ensure there is accuracy when reporting the status of the projects. Besides, data-driven approaches will help to boost the confidence level of embracing RAG reporting hence it can prevent projects from failing. The project team encompasses those individuals who take part in planning and executing the project. Project team comprises of all project stakeholders including project managers, sponsors, and project team members (Snyder, 2013). The steering committee performs the role of acting as a liaison between various stakeholders and ensure all the resources for the project are available. In another perspective, the project sponsors have an obligation of providing critical assistance to various issues like initiating the project, project planning, and development of the project Charter. The project team members ensure the objectives of the project are met. These are the key differences that distinguish the various groups of people. When we consider the aspect of differences in status reporting, one of the areas agile methodology one area that is not addressed is the project status reporting. When the project is in progress, there are those people who would spare their time to get the scope of the project while others don`t have much interest on the scrum (Heldman, 2015). As such, this method is only suitable for the category of people who have time to check on the progress unlike the other group of individuals with less interest on the status of the project. Therefore, it is not suitable for those people who are not interested and keen to the details of the project. References Heldman, K. (2015).PMP Project Management Professional Exam Deluxe Study Guide: Updated for the 2015 Exam. John Wiley Sons. Laureate Education (Producer). (2013). Project closeout [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Project Management Institute. (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide) (5th ed.). Newtown Square, Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute. Snyder, C. S. (2013). A project managers book of forms: A companion to the PMBOK guide (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Wysocki, R. K. (2012). Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme (6th ed.) Indianapolis, IN: Wiley.